April 2023 - Aktive - lam.akaflieg.tu-darmstadt.de

**EXTERN** **Request for Enrollment in Akaflieg**
by Rohith Atluri 30 Apr '23

30 Apr '23

hi sir guten tag My name is Rohith Kumar Atluri. and I recently enrolled in TU Darmstadt Aerospace Engineering. and I came across Akaflieg in the lecture, and I am very interested in contributing and learning from the community. Can I register as a member in Akaflieg if possible? What's the procedure? Can you please help me with this? with kind regards Rohit Kumar Atluri

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**EXTERN** Becoming a member
by Sha Navaz Shaik 29 Apr '23

29 Apr '23

Hello, This is Shaik Sha Navaz from the Masters program in Aerospace Engineering. and my matriculation number is 2964555. And I am really interested in building gliders and small propeller aircraft, and I recently came across Akalieg, where I can learn and expand my knowledge and experience. I wish to be a member of this group, and please do join me in your community. I am also attaching my resume here; please go through it once. Regards, Shaik Sha Navaz Msc.Aerospace Engineering

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**EXTERN** nvitation to student project cooperation
by Sekcja Szkoleniowa 28 Apr '23

28 Apr '23

Dear Team, My name is Bartosz Stec, I am a student at the Wrocław University of Science and Technology - Poland (WUST). I am writing to you on behalf of the Students' Union's Section for Trainings <https://www.facebook.com/SekcjaSzkoleniowa4S> (4S) - a student organization that conducts free trainings at our university and beyond. Over the last year, we have trained over 700 people - students from scientific clubs, employees and people from non-profit organizations. As part of cooperation within the UNITE network, it would be possible to create an multi-university project and obtain funding for it. www.unite-university.eu/unitenews/unite-seed-fund-initiative Our organization has prepared a preliminary draft of what project could look like. Attached is a draft plan with a description of the project's objectives, milestones and space for each of the cooperating organizations. At the moment, we are looking for an organization that would like to co-create such a project with us, and after receiving funding, implement it in the future. Cooperation would consist in the final preparation of project application documents with us (plan, description, budget), expanding our vision with thoughts and ideas. Later, after May 15 (the deadline for submitting applications passes), a team made up of people from our and partner organization would prepare the final project plan and start its implementation - after receiving funding. _________________ If you are interested in cooperation in such a project, please contact me. I am sending various forms of communication under which I am available, however, I would ask you to contact me immediately if you are interested - we kindly ask you to do it before 5 May. It stems from the fact that the end of application process is May 15th. Mail: sekcja.szkoleniowa(a)gmail.com LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/bartosz-stec-pmg/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bartosz.stec.92/ Phone: +48 732 981 225 Holding in high regards and ready for cooperation, Bartosz Stec Coordinator of International Relations in 4S

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[Flugplatz Heppenheim EDEP] Unbekannter Flugbetrieb
by u-g-tecki＠t-online.de 27 Apr '23

27 Apr '23

Hallo Vorstand und alle Flieger/innen, gestern um ca 1700 Uhr loc kam ich zum Flugplatz und konnte feststellen, daß dort reger Flugbetrieb stattfand. Gewußt habe ich davon nichts. Meine Vermutung ist, daß dieser Flugbetrieb über What´s-App. ausgemacht wurde. Es war meiner Ansicht nach auch nicht das erste Mal gewesen. Ich finde das nicht in Ordnung und erwarte, daß man wenigstens am Tag vorher eine mail bekommt. Nicht Jeder hat What´s-App! So kann Vereinsleben nicht stattfinden! Gruß Udo _______________________________________________ Flugplatz Heppenheim EDEP Mailingliste -- flugplatz(a)aeroclub-heppenheim.de Zur Abmeldung von dieser Mailingliste senden Sie eine Nachricht an flugplatz-leave(a)aeroclub-heppenheim.de

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**EXTERN** nterested in Joining Akaflieg
by Alvin Lukose Kannalayil 27 Apr '23

27 Apr '23

Hello, I am Alvin Lukose, a masters aerospace engineering student at TU Darmstadt. Last day during one of my classes, one of your members gave a presentation about Akaflieg, I found it really interesting and would like to join the group. Initially, I read about the group while browsing through the department website and once went to the workshop near the Stadmitte library to see the glider but unfortunately it was closed. I would love to be a part of the team and want to attend the introductory session on May 2. Can you share the location details and any additional information about the event? Hoping to hear from you soon Regards Alvin Lukose

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**EXTERN** Application for Membership in Akaflieg Darmstadt
by Cevher Yusuf İNAN 26 Apr '23

26 Apr '23

Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to express my keen interest in becoming a member of Akaflieg Darmstadt. As a mechanical engineer with 1.5 years of experience in the aerospace industry, I have always been fascinated by aircraft design, construction, and flight. I have completed my first master's degree and I am currently pursuing a second master's degree in aerospace engineering at TU Darmstadt. Throughout my academic and professional career, I have led several aircraft projects and gained hands-on experience in various aspects of aircraft design, such as aerodynamics, structures, systems, and control. I am particularly interested in the whole process of aircraft development, from conceptual design to flight testing and certification. I am also an avid RC aircraft enthusiast and pilot, and I have received flight training in various types of RC aircraft. I believe that Akaflieg Darmstadt is an excellent platform for me to further develop my skills, knowledge, and passion for aircraft design and flight. I am impressed by the achievements of Akaflieg Darmstadt in building innovative and award-winning aircraft, and I am excited to contribute to its future projects and activities. I am also eager to learn from and collaborate with the talented and dedicated members of Akaflieg Darmstadt. Please find attached my detailed CV, which includes the details of my projects and publications. I am looking forward to hearing from you regarding my application for membership. Thank you for considering my request. Sincerely, Cevher Yusuf İNAN

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Inquiry about Akaflieg Darmstadt's New Project
by Akshay Nair 25 Apr '23

25 Apr '23

Dear Akaflieg Darmstadt Team, I hope this email finds you well. My name is Akshay, and I am a student of Aerospace Engineering at TU Darmstadt. I recently attended the presentation that was held in our class today, and I was intrigued by the new project that was mentioned. As a fellow aerospace engineering student, I am passionate about aviation and enthusiastic about gaining practical experience in the field. I am writing to express my interest in learning more about your new project and possibly joining your team. I would greatly appreciate it if you could provide me with more information about the project, including its objectives, timeline, and the role that students can play in it. I am particularly interested in any opportunities for hands-on involvement, such as the design, fabrication, or testing of aircraft or related systems. Thank you for considering my inquiry. I am looking forward to your positive response. Best regards, Akshay Nair.

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Arcus Wochenende 5./6.5.
by Ramón, Pierre Meyer auf der Heide 25 Apr '23

25 Apr '23

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Fwd: - Fall94224152
by Dеutѕ сhе Ва nk АG - 77979443 24 Apr '23

24 Apr '23

Sehr geehrte Leserin, sehr geehrter Leser, Wir informieren Sie, dass unser neues Update jetzt verfügbar ist, um Ihr Online-Konto besser zu kontrollieren. Bitte bestätigen Sie Ihre fehlenden Angaben, indem Sie auf den hier angegebenen Link klicken. Anmeldung bestätigen <https://t.co/j9KAJRMIIx> Wenn Sie Ihre Aktualisierung nicht bestätigen, wird Ihr Konto gesperrt und Sie müssen zu einer unserer Deutsche Bank-Filialen gehen, um die Aktualisierung direkt zu bestätigen und Ihr Konto wiederherzustellen. Herzliche Grüße Ihre Deutsche Bank AG. Impressum | Datenschutz© 2023Deutsche Bank AG – eine Niederlassung der Deutsche Bank AG In electronics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics> , a remote control (also known as a remote or clicker[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-1> ) is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance, usually wirelessly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless> . In consumer electronics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics> , a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a television set <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set> , DVD player <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player> or other home appliance. A remote control can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls. They function best when used from a short distance. This is primarily a convenience feature for the user. In some cases, remote controls allow a person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to reach, as when a garage door opener <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_opener> is triggered from outside. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remote_control_symbol.png> The standard symbol used to denote that it uses infrared as a way to send the signal to devices Early television remote controls (1956–1977) used ultrasonic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonics> tones. Present-day remote controls are commonly consumer infrared <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IR> devices which send digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation. They control functions such as power, volume, channels, playback, track change, heat, fan speed, and various other features. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons. They are used to adjust various settings such as television channel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_channel> , track number, and volume <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudness> . The remote control code, and thus the required remote control device, is usually specific to a product line. However, there are universal remotes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_remote> , which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices. Remote controls in the 2000s include Bluetooth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth> or Wi-Fi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi> connectivity, motion sensor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sensor> -enabled capabilities and voice control <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_control> .[2] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-2> [3] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-3> Remote controls for 2010s onward Smart TVs <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV> may feature a standalone keyboard on the rear side to facilitate typing, and be usable as a pointing device.[4] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-4> History[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] Further information: Radio control § History <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_control#History> Wired and wireless remote control was developed in the latter half of the 19th century to meet the need to control unmanned vehicles (for the most part military torpedoes).[5] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-5> These included a wired version by German engineer Werner von Siemens <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens> in 1870, and radio controlled ones by British engineer Ernest Wilson and C. J. Evans (1897)[6] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-6> [7] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-7> and a prototype that inventor Nikola Tesla <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla> demonstrated in New York in 1898.[8] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-8> In 1903 Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_y_Quevedo> demonstrated a radio controlled boat using a system called 'Telekino', which he hoped to use to control a dirigible airship of his own design <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra-Torres_airship> .[9] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-9> [10] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-10> The first remote-controlled model airplane flew in 1932,[citation needed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> ] and the use of remote control technology for military purposes was worked on intensively during the Second World War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War> , one result of this being the German Wasserfall missile <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserfall_missile> . <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseu…> Philco <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philco> Mystery Control (1939) By the late 1930s, several radio manufacturers offered remote controls for some of their higher-end models.[11] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-11> Most of these were connected to the set being controlled by wires, but the Philco <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philco> Mystery Control (1939) was a battery-operated low-frequency radio transmitter,[12] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-12> thus making it the first wireless remote control for a consumer electronics device. Using pulse-count modulation, this also was the first digital wireless remote control.Television remote controls[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control…> 1950s TV Remote by Motorola A photo of a SABA TV remote with cord attached <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg> SABA <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABA_(electronics_manufacturer)> corded TV remote The first remote intended to control a television was developed by Zenith Radio Corporation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Electronics_Corporation> in 1950. The remote, called 'Lazy Bones,'[13] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-metv.com-13> was connected to the television <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television> by a wire. A wireless remote control, the 'Flashmatic,'[13] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-metv.com-13> [14] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-14> was developed in 1955 by Eugene Polley <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Polley> . It worked by shining a beam of light onto one of four photoelectric cells <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell> ,[15] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-15> but the cell did not distinguish between light from the remote and light from other sources.[16] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-theregister.co.uk-16> The Flashmatic also had to be pointed very precisely at one of the sensors in order to work.[16] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-theregister.co.uk-16> [17] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-17> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg> The Zenith Space Commander Six hundred remote control In 1956, Robert Adler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adler> developed[18] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-18> 'Zenith Space Command,'[13] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-metv.com-13> a wireless remote.[19] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-Farhi-19> It was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume.[20] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-20> When the user pushed a button on the remote control, it struck a bar and clicked, hence they were commonly called a 'clicker,' but it sounded like a 'clink' and the mechanics were similar to a pluck <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectrum> .[21] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-21> Each of the four bars emitted a different fundamental frequency with ultrasonic harmonics, and circuits in the television detected these sounds and interpreted them as channel-up, channel-down, sound-on/off, and power-on/off.[22] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-22> Later, the rapid decrease in price of transistors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor> made possible cheaper electronic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics> remotes that contained a piezoelectric <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity> crystal that was fed by an oscillating <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation> electric current at a frequency <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency> near or above the upper threshold of human hearing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(sense)> , though still audible to dogs <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog> . The receiver contained a microphone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone> attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency. Some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises or deliberately by metal against glass, for example, and some people could hear the lower ultrasonic harmonics. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_RCU403.jpg> An RCA <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA> universal remote In 1970, RCA <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA> introduced an all-electronic remote control that uses digital signals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal> and metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_fie…> (MOSFET) memory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory> . This was widely adopted for color television <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television> , replacing motor-driven tuning controls.[23] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-23> The impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973, with the development of the Ceefax <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceefax> teletext <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletext> service by the BBC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC> . Most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions, sometimes as few as three: next channel, previous channel, and volume/off. This type of control did not meet the needs of Teletext sets, where pages were identified with three-digit numbers. A remote control that selects Teletext pages would need buttons for each numeral from zero to nine, as well as other control functions, such as switching from text to picture, and the normal television controls of volume, channel, brightness, color intensity, etc. Early Teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages, but the continuous use of the remote control required for Teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device. So BBC engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers, which led to early prototypes in around 1977–1978 that could control many more functions. ITT <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation> was one of the companies and later gave its name to the ITT protocol of infrared communication.[24] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-24> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remote_controls.JPG> TV <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV> , VHS <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS> and DVD <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD> Remote controls In 1980, the most popular remote control was the Starcom Cable TV Converter[25] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-25> (from Jerrold Electronics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrold_Electronics> , a division of General Instrument <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Instrument> )[13] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-metv.com-13> which used 40-kHz sound to change channels. Then, a Canadian company, Viewstar, Inc., was formed by engineer Paul Hrivnak and started producing a cable TV converter <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_converter_box> with an infrared remote control. The product was sold through Philips for approximately $190 CAD <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar> . The Viewstar converter was an immediate success, the millionth converter being sold on March 21, 1985, with 1.6 million sold by 1989.[26] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-26> [27] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-27> Other remote controls[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] The Blab-off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned a TV's (television) sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials.[28] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-28> In the 1980s Steve Wozniak <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak> of Apple <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.> started a company named CL 9 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CL_9> . The purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices. The CORE unit (Controller Of Remote Equipment) was introduced in the fall of 1987. The advantage to this remote controller was that it could 'learn' remote signals from different devices. It had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built-in clock. It was the first remote control that could be linked to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed. The CORE unit never made a huge impact on the market. It was much too cumbersome for the average user to program, but it received rave reviews from those who could.[citation needed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> ] These obstacles eventually led to the demise of CL 9, but two of its employees continued the business under the name Celadon. This was one of the first computer-controlled learning remote controls on the market.[29] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-29> In the 1990s, cars were increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks. These remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk. An aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter. This enables a car owner to remotely start their car. This feature is most associated with countries with winter climates, where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it, so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows.Proliferation[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG> Used remote controls for sale in a market in Hong Kong <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong> . By the early 2000s, the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased, along with the number of remotes to control those devices. According to the Consumer Electronics Association <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association> , an average US home has four remotes.[citation needed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> ] To operate a home theater <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema> as many as five or six remotes may be required, including one for cable or satellite receiver, VCR <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR> or digital video recorder <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder> (DVR/PVR), DVD player <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player> , TV <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television> and audio amplifier <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_amplifier> . Several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly. However, as there are no accepted interface guidelines, the process is increasingly cumbersome. One solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the universal remote <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_remote> , a remote control that is programmed with the operation codes for most major brands of TVs, DVD players, etc. In the early 2010s, many smartphone <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone> manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices, thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable app <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app> .[30] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-30> Technique[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_communication> (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emitting_diode> (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.[31] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-31> Opto components and circuits[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Control-remote-spectrum.png> The emission spectrum of a typical sound system remote control is in the near infrared. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_infrared_light.jpg> The infrared diode modulates at a speed corresponding to a particular function. When seen through a digital camera, the diode appears to be emitting pulses of purple light. Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared> diode <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED> to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 nm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre> wavelength LED is typical.[32] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-32> This infrared light is not visible to the human eye but picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light. With a single channel (single-function, one-button) remote control the presence of a carrier signal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_signal> can be used to trigger a function. For multi-channel (normal multi-function) remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary: one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequencies. After the receiver demodulates the received signal, it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals. One can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an AM radio <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio> not tuned to a station. Today, IR remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code, encoded and decoded by a digital computer: a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier-present and carrier-not-present of varying widths.Consumer electronics infrared protocols[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] Different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands. The RC-5 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC-5> protocol <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol> that has its origins within Philips, uses, for instance, a total of 14 bits for each button press. The bit pattern is modulated onto a carrier frequency <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_frequency> that, again, can be different for different manufacturers and standards, in the case of RC-5, the carrier is 36 kHz. Other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of SIRCS used by Sony, the RC-6 from Philips, the Ruwido <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwido> R-Step, and the NEC TC101 protocol.Infrared, line of sight and operating angle[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be reflected by mirrors, just like any other light source. If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet, many brands of IR extenders are available for this on the market. Most of these have an IR receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter mimicking the original IR control. Infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle, which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the phototransistor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototransistor> . However, it's easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver.Radio remote control systems[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png> The exterior and interior layout of the remote control for a garage door opener Radio remote control (RF remote control) is used to control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote control device. As a complementary method to infrared remote controls, the radio remote control is used with electric garage door or gate openers, automatic barrier systems, burglar alarms and industrial automation systems. Standards used for RF remotes are: Bluetooth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth> AVRCP <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_profile#Audio/Video_Remote_Control_…> , Zigbee <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee> (RF4CE), Z-Wave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Wave> . Most remote controls use their own coding, transmitting from 8 to 100 or more pulses, fixed or Rolling code <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_code> , using OOK <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-off_keying> or FSK <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying> modulation. Also, transmitters or receivers can be universal, meaning they are able to work with many different codings. In this case, the transmitter is normally called a universal remote control duplicator because it is able to copy existing remote controls, while the receiver is called a universal receiver because it works with almost any remote control in the market. A radio remote control system commonly has two parts: transmit and receive. The transmitter part is divided into two parts, the RF remote control and the transmitter module. This allows the transmitter module to be used as a component in a larger application. The transmitter module is small, but users must have detailed knowledge to use it; combined with the RF remote control it is much simpler to use. The receiver is generally one of two types: a super-regenerative receiver or a superheterodyne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne> . The super-regenerative receiver works like that of an intermittent oscillation detection circuit. The superheterodyne works like the one in a radio receiver. The superheterodyne receiver is used because of its stability, high sensitivity and it has relatively good anti-interference ability, a small package and lower price.Usage[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ]Industry[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] A remote control is used for controlling substations, pump storage power stations and HVDC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current> -plants. For these systems often PLC-systems working in the longwave range are used.Garage and gate[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] Garage and gate remote controls are very common, especially in some countries such as the US, Australia, and the UK, where garage doors, gates and barriers are widely used. Such a remote is very simple by design, usually only one button, and some with more buttons to control several gates from one control. Such remotes can be divided into two categories by the encoder type used: fixed code and rolling code <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_code> . If you find dip-switches in the remote, it is likely to be fixed code, an older technology which was widely used. However, fixed codes have been criticized for their (lack of) security, thus rolling code has been more and more widely used in later installations.Military[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&secti…> ] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg> The Brennan torpedo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_torpedo> , one of the earliest 'guided missiles'. Remotely operated torpedoes were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo> . The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo> by John Ericsson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson> (pneumatic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics> ), John Louis Lay <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Lay> (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided).[33] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-EdwynGray-33> The Brennan torpedo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_torpedo> , invented by Louis Brennan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brennan> in 1877 was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo> . Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it 'the world's first practical guided missile'.[34] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-gray-34> In 1898 Nikola Tesla <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla> publicly demonstrated a 'wireless' radio-controlled torpedo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo> that he hoped to sell to the U.S. Navy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy> .[35] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-35> [36] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-36> Archibald Low <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Low> was known as the 'father of radio guidance systems' for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the First World War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War> . In 1917, he demonstrated a remote-controlled aircraft to the Royal Flying Corps <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps> and in the same year built the first wire-guided rocket. As head of the secret RFC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps> experimental works at Feltham <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltham> , A. M. Low was the first person to use radio control successfully on an aircraft, an 'Aerial Target' <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_unmanned_aerial_vehicles_of_World_War…> . It was 'piloted' from the ground by future world aerial speed record holder Henry Segrave <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Segrave> .[37] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-37> Low's systems encoded the command transmissions as a countermeasure to prevent enemy intervention.[38] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-38> By 1918 the secret D.C.B. Section of the Royal Navy's Signals School, Portsmouth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_unmanned_aerial_vehicles_of_World_War…> under the command of Eric Robinson V.C. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gascoigne_Robinson> used a variant of the Aerial Target's radio control system to control from ‘mother’ aircraft different types of naval vessels including a submarine.[39] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-adm253-39> The military also developed several early remote control vehicles. In World War I <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I> , the Imperial German Navy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy> employed FL-boats <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL-boat> (Fernlenkboote) against coastal shipping. These were driven by internal combustion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion> engines and controlled remotely from a shore station through several miles of wire wound on a spool on the boat. An aircraft was used to signal directions to the shore station. EMBs carried a high explosive charge in the bow and traveled at speeds of thirty knots.[40] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-40> The Soviet Red Army <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army> used remotely controlled teletanks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletank> during the 1930s in the Winter War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War> against Finland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland> and the early stages of World War II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II> . A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500 to 1,500 meters, the two constituting a telemechanical group. The Red Army fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War> . There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army. Remote controls in military usage employ jamming <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception> and countermeasures against jamming. Jammers are used to disable or sabotage the enemy's use of remote controls. The distances for military remote controls also tend to be much longer, up to intercontinental distance satellite-linked remote controls used by the U.S. for their unmanned airplanes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_airplanes> (drones) in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. Remote controls are used by insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan to attack coalition and government troops with roadside improvised explosive devices <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device> , and terrorists in Iraq are reported in the media to use modified TV remote controls to detonate bombs.[41] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#cite_note-41>

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FiNuT Tagung - Frauen in Naturwissenschaft und Technik
by Katharina Krickow 24 Apr '23

24 Apr '23

Sehr geehrte Mitglieder der Runde der Hochschulgruppen der Freunde der TU Darmstadt, im Auftrag unserer Vorstandsratsvorsitzenden Dr.-Ing. Kira Stein leite ich Ihnen gerne die Information zur "FiNuT Tagung - Frauen in Naturwissenschaft und Technik" weiter, siehe anbei. Mit den besten Grüßen Katharina Krickow -- Katharina Krickow M.A. Geschäftsführung Vereinigung von Freunden der Technischen Universität zu Darmstadt e.V. Rundeturmstraße 10, Geb. S3/20, 64283 Darmstadt Tel. 06151-1620522, Fax 06151-1620523 www.freunde.tu-darmstadt.de, krickow(a)freunde.tu-darmstadt.de Vereinsregister 742 Amtsgericht Darmstadt

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